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Parallel and Distributed Programming Using C++, by Cameron Hughes, Tracey Hughes

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Today, the C++ language remains one of the most important languages used by professional software developers. Many corporations and government agencies have large investments in applications that are developed using the C++ language. Those corporations and government agencies are now Web-enabling their applications. Applications that were originally developed as simple client/server now requires Internet/Intranet face-lifts. This book helps software developers and programmers who need to add the techniques of parallel and distributed programming to existing applications. Parallel programming uses multiple computers, or computers with multiple internal processors, to solve a problem at a greater computational speed than using a single computer. It also offers the opportunity to tackle larger problems; that is, problems with more computational steps or more memory requirements.

• Sales Rank: #2587421 in Books
• Published on: 2003-09-04
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.50" h x 1.50" w x 7.20" l, 2.70 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 720 pages

From the Back Cover

Parallel and Distributed Programming Using C++ provides an up-close look at how to build software that can take advantage of multiprocessor computers. Simple approaches for programming parallel virtual machines are presented, and the basics of cluster application development are explained. Through an easy-to-understand overview of multithreaded programming, this book also shows you how to write software components that work together over a network to solve problems and do work.

Parallel and Distributed Programming Using C++ provides an architectural approach to parallel programming for computer programmers, software developers, designers, researchers, and software architects. It will also be useful for computer science students.

• Demonstrates how agents and blackboards can be used to make parallel programming easier
• Shows object-oriented approaches to multitasking and multithreading
• Demonstrates how the UML is used to document designs that require parallel or distributed programming
• Contains the new POSIX/UNIX IEEE Standard for the Pthreads library

About the Author

CAMERON HUGHES is a senior software engineer for CTEST Laboratories and a staff programmer/analyst at Youngstown State University. He has been involved in software development efforts of all sizes and is currently working in cluster programming of the Proteus V that involves NLP and knowledge representation modeling at CTEST and the Colony at Youngstown.

TRACEY HUGHES is a software engineer at CTEST, where she does graphics programming and simulation in C++ and develops image processing class libraries and virtual worlds.

Together they are the co-authors of numerous books including Linux Rapid Application Development and Object-Oriented Multithreading Using C++.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

We present an architectural approach to distributed and parallel programming using the C++ language. Particular attention is paid to how the C++ standard library, algorithms, and container classes behave in distributed and parallel environments. Methods for extending the C++ language through class libraries and function libraries to accomplish distributed and parallel programming tasks are explained. Emphasis is placed on how C++ works with the new POSIX and Single UNIX standards for multithreading. Combining C++ executables with other language executables to achieve multilingual solutions to distributed or parallel programming problems is also discussed. Several methods of organizing software that support parallel and distributed programming are introduced.

We demonstrate how to remove the fundamental obstacles to concurrency. The notion of emergent parallelization is explored. Our focus is not on optimization techniques, hardware specifics, performance comparisons, or on trying to apply parallel programming techniques to complex scientific or mathematical algorithms; rather, on how to structure computer programs and software systems to take advantage of opportunities for parallelization.

Furthermore, we acquaint the reader with a multiparadigm approach to solving some of the problems that are inherent with distributed and parallel programming.

Effective solutions to these problems often require a mix of several software design and engineering approaches. For instance, we deploy object-oriented programming techniques to tackle data race and synchronization problems. We use agent-oriented architectures to deal with multiprocess and multithread management. Blackboards are used to minimize communication issues. In addition to object-oriented, agent-oriented, and AI-oriented programming, we use parameterized programming to implement generalized algorithms that are suitable where concurrency is required.

Our experience with the development of software of all sizes and shapes has led us to believe that successful software design and implementation demands versatility. The suggestions, ideas, and solutions we present in this book reflect that experience.

The Challenges

There are three basic challenges to writing parallel or distributed programs:

Identifying the natural parallelism that occurs within the context of a problem domain.

Dividing the software appropriately into two or more tasks that can be performed at the same time to accomplish the required parallelism.

Coordinating those tasks so that the software correctly and efficiently does what it is supposed to do.

These three challenges are accompanied by the following obstacles to concurrency:

Data raceDeadlock detectionPartial failureLatencyDeadlockCommunication failuresTermination detectionLack of global stateMultiple clock problemProtocol mismatchLocalized errorsLack of centralized resource allocation

This book explains what these obstacles are, why they occur, and how they can be managed.

Finally, several of the mechanisms we use for concurrency use TCP/IP as a protocol. Specifically the MPI (Message Passing Interface) library, PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) library, and the MICO (CORBA) library. This allows our approaches to be used in an Internet/Intranet environment, which means that programs cooperating in parallel may be executing at different sites on the Internet or a corporate intranet and communicating through message passing. Many of the ideas serve as foundations for infrastructure of Web services. In addition to the MPI and PVM routines, the CORBA objects we use can communicate from different servers accross the Internet. These components can be used to provide a variety of Internet/intranet services.

The Approach

We advocate a component approach to the challenges and obstacles found in distributed and parallel programming. Our primary objective is to use framework classes as building blocks for concurrency. The framework classes are supported by object-oriented mutexes, semaphores, pipes, and sockets. The complexity of task synchronization and communication is significantly reduced through the use of interface classes. We deploy agent-driven threads and processes to facilitate thread and process management. Our primary approach to a global state and its related problems involve the use of blackboards.

We combine agent-oriented and object-oriented architectures to accomplish multiparadigm solutions. Our multiparadigm approach is made possible using the support C++ has for object-oriented programming, parameterized programming, and structured programming.

Why C++?

There are C++ compilers available for virtually every platform and operating environment. The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Standard Organization) have defined standards for the C++ language and its library. There are robust open-source implementations as well as commercial implementations of the language. The language has been widely adopted by researchers, designers, and professional developers around the world. The C++ language has been used to solve problems of all sizes and shapes from device drivers to large-scale industrial applications.

The language supports a multiparadigm approach to software development and libraries that add parallel and distributed programming capabilities are readily available.

Libraries for Parallel and Distributed Programming

The MPICH, an implementation of MPI, the PVM library, and the Pthreads (POSIX Threads) library, are used to implement parallel programming using C++. MICO, a C++ implementation of the CORBA standard, is used to achieve distrbuted programming. The C++ Standard Library, in combination with CORBA and the Pthreads library, provides the support for agentoriented and blackboard programming concepts that are discussed in this book.

The New Single UNIX Specification Standard

The new Single UNIX Specification Standard, Version 3, a joint effort between IEEE and the Open Group, was finalized and released in December 2001. The new Single UNIX Specification encompasses the POSIX standards and promotes portability for application programmers. It was designed to give software developers a single set of APIs to be supported by every UNIX system. It provides a reliable road map of standards for programmers who need to write multitasking and multithreading applications. In this book we rely on the Single UNIX Specification Standard for our discussions on process creations, process management, the Pthreads library, the new posix_spawn() routines, the POSIX semaphores, and FIFOs. Appendix B in this book contains excerpts from the standard that can be used as a reference to the material that we present.

Who is This Book For?

This book is written for software designers, software developers, application programmers, researchers, educators, and students who need an introduction to parallel and distributed programming using the C++ language. A modest knowledge of the C++ language and standard C++ class libraries is required. This book is not intended as a tutorial on programming in C++ or object-oriented programming. It is assumed that the reader will have a basic understanding of object-oriented programming techniques such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. This book introduces the basics of parallel and distributed programming in the context of C++.

Development Environments Supported

The examples and programs presented in this book were developed and tested in the Linux and UNIX environments, specifically with Solaris 8, Aix, and Linux (SuSE, Red Hat). The PVM and MPI code was developed and tested on a 32-node Linux-based cluster. Many of the programs were tested on Sun Enterprise 450s. We used Sun's C++ Workshop, The Portland Group's C++ compiler, and GNU C++. Most examples will run in both the UNIX and Linux environments. In the cases where an example will not run in both environments, this fact is noted in the Program Profiles that are provided for all the complete program examples in the book.

AncillariesUML Diagrams

Many of the diagrams in this book use the UML (Unified Modeling Language) standard. In particular, activity diagrams, deployment diagrams, class diagrams, the state diagrams are used to describe important concurrency architectures and class relationships. Although a knowledge of the UML is not necessary, familarity is helpful. Appendix A contains an explanation and description of the UML symbols and language that we use in this book.

Program Profiles

Each complete program in the book is accompanied by a program profile.

The profile will contain implementation specifics such as headers required, libraries required, compile instructions, and link instructions. The profile also includes a Notes section that will contain any special considerations that need to be taken when executing the program. Code that is not accompanied by a profile is meant for exposition purposes only.

Sidebars

We made every attempt to stay away from notation that is too theoretical for a introductory book such as this one. However, in some cases the theoretical or mathematical notation was unavoidable. In those cases we use the notation but we provide a detailed explanation of the notation in a sidebar.

Testing and Code Reliability

Although all examples and applications in this book were tested to ensure correctness, we make no warranties that the programs contained in this book are free of defects or error, are consistent with any particular standard or merchantability, or will meet your requirement for any particular application.

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Most helpful customer reviews

15 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Absolute disaster: the authors know neither parallel programming nor C++
By ST
Even the bad reviews here are too kind. What can I say about this book? Let us start with Chapter 7, which is about exceptions and error handling -- as applied to parallel programming you'd think. But there is nothing about parallel programming and nothing good about exceptions in this chapter, which reads like a blog written by a C++ programming beginner who has just stumbled upon exceptions and thought, hey this is cool, nothing of the sort in Fortran, let me write about it.

Section 9.2 talks about using template functions for parallel programming. Their examples are of the sort: (if rank is 0, let us call the multiplies() fn that is templated on int; if rank is 1, let us call the multiplies() fn that is templated on double). What were these people smoking?

Section 9.3 overloads stream operators () to do MPI send/recv. This is bad design because the rank of the other process (for one) is an input to the MPI functions, so there is a stream class per other process - which is more messy than convenient. A better design would be to make a communicator class with send(), recv() fns taking the other rank as input. This would also support collective (gather, scatter) communication. Not to mention *unbuffered* MPI send/recv calls can be terribly slow, so there should be some buffering support.

This brings to my basic gripe about this book: it is incredibly shallow. Of course it is garbage to an expert, but even to the dullest of beginners it can be of little use. Just about anything that you can find on parallel programming or C++ is better than this.

12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Too shallow and wide-focused
By Andrei Formiga
I gave it 3 stars only because there are few books on the subject; it deserves only 2.

The main problem I see with this book is that it tries to cover too much ground, even with subjects that it should not touch upon: there are whole chapters (7 and 9, for example) that are more about C++ than parallel or distributed programming, and one chapter (10) is about UML. Although it is interesting to see C++ and UML techniques applied to parallel and distributed programming, this leaves little space left for the coverage of MPI, for example. PVM and pthreads are given somewhat more attention, but still not nearly enough.

Another problem is that the examples are mostly incomplete code fragments. There are few complete, running examples. I hoped to see bigger examples in the last chapters (they seem like case studies), but again they are made of too much "talk" and no code.

The chapters are mostly independent of one another; it can be good if all you need is a quick first read on one of the subjects, but it gets annoying if you try to read it sequentially. Exercise for the reader: count how many times the PRAM model is cited AND explained.

To say something good about it, the book has some nice general musings about the nature and fundamental problems of concurrent systems. But it is not a coherent whole and is not particularly good at explaining any of the myriad subjects it touches upon.

Bottomline: It's neither an applied book about specific technologies, nor a general treatment. I would not buy this book unless it were very cheap. Take a look at it at the bookstore or borrow from a library, but don't spend your money.

To people wanting a general treatment about concurrency, it's principles, problems and solution space, I recommend "Concepts, Techniques and Models of Computer Programming" by Peter van Roy and Seif Haridi. It's thoroughly educational, and half of it is about concurrency (but no specific treatment of pthreads, PVM or MPI).

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Parallel and Distributed Programming using C++
By Mpho Tjabane
The title was ever so promising. But when I finally got to use this book,my disappointment was limitless.I found myself having to be on the lookout for errors of all sorts instead of learning from the book.While the book is in the 600s in the number of pages,it is rather thin on content on the topics that it covers. Take Chapter 4, "Dividing C++ Programs into Multiple Threads" for instance.The authors do a lot of hand waving explaining what is essentially threads in C (behind some little C++ syntax),and just when you are hoping to learn about threads in the presence of composition (as you might need with nested parallelism) or inheritance, you are met with section 4.11.5 "Creating Multi threaded Objects" that is only one and half pages long and tells you nothing you did not know already. The authors then proceed to add more than hundred pages in the form of appendix B on material that you can get off the internet.I've since decided to use Intel TBB (and bought Intel Threading Building Blocks by Reinders) for my project. With POSIX threads here to stay and parallel programming becoming mainstream,the authors ought to use subsequent editions as opportunity for great improvement.

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